1918|1942
HYGIENIST CONCEPTION
The housing problem appeared in the governmental perspective as a matter of public health. Policies were mainly focosed on housing problems of people from working classes and peasants. At first, the emphasis was on rural housing but since the 1930, when rapid rates of urbanisation of peripheries appeared as a major problem the major concerns moved to urban housing. At that time the first working-class neighbourhoods were built. At this time many Catholic institutions used to be in charge of deprived.
1918
MARCO
FIDEL SUÁREZ
PRESIDENT (1918 - 1921)
enciclopedia.banrepcultural.org/index.php?title=Archivo:Marco_Fidel_Suarez.jpg
LAW 46
Established the minimal conditions for low-income housing in order to guarantee people´s health. It was the first legislation in Colombia in favor of social housing and the qualitative deficit.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/30019009
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Law 46 was related to the complaints of health organizations that were concerned with the collateral effects of unhealthy habitat. In fact, one of the causes of these complaints was the Spanish flu pandemic occurred in 1918.
Working-class neighborhood in Bogotá
Source: Revista Cromos, 1918, No.139 Vo. VI: 218
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1921
JORGE
HOLGUÍN MALLARINO
PRESIDENT ( 1921 - 1922)
https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/10202/Jorge%20Holguin
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1922
NATIONAL CONTEXT
This government was based on efficiency and was interested in promoting industrialization and modernization of the infrastructure as well as in increasing the access to international capitals through direct loans.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1923
LAW 110
Established the Agricultural Mortgage Bank (BAH, Banco Agrícola Hipotecario).
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Kemmerer Mission. The main results were the restructuring of the national treasury to improve tax collection and the creation of the National Bank (Banco de la República)
Pedro Nel Ospina reunited with the members of the Kemmerer Mission
www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/abril2005/mision.htm
Farewell dinner, Kemmerer Mission
www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/abril2005/mision.htm
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1924
LAW 68
Repealed the Law 110 of 1923 and defined the Mortgage Agriculture Bank with greater detail.
Mortgage Agriculture Bank Building, Bogotá
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1926
MIGUEL
ABADÍA MENDEZ
PRESIDENT (1926 - 1930)
https://tolimatotal.com/miguel-abadia-mendez/miguel-abadia-mendez
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Abadía was the last president of the Conservative hegemony period which had lasted for 44 years.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1929
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The Great Depression in the US
News about the stock market crash
serannawilson.weebly.com/black-tuesday-october-22-1929-stock-market-crash.html
Great depression hits the US
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1930
NATIONAL CONTEXT
This Liberal government was characterized by guidelines that included many of the worker's needs. President Olaya-Herrera was a working-class leader.
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Second Kemmerer Mission. The paralysis of public works and declining production motivated this mission in order to help stabilize the domestic economic conditions. This mission recommended prudent credit allocation to the central bank and a rigorous portfolio management to assure payment for the external debt. Additionally, it asked for special faculties from the Ministry of Finance to obtain balanced public budgets and to promote an administrative reorganization that would allow for technical management, cost savings and increased efficiency.
historiacritica.uniandes.edu.co/view.php/462/index.php?id=462
News about the beginning of The Second Kemmerer Mission
Source: El tiempo 9 of august of 1930
news.google.com/newspapers?nid=N2osnxbUuuUC&dat=19300809&printsec=frontpage&hl=es
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1931
MILESTONE
The Agrarian, Industrial and Mining Credit Bank (Caja de Crédito Agrario, Industrial y Minero) was established as a BCH dependency.
LAW 57
Amended the Law 45 of 1932 regarding the banking institutions; reformed the legislation on the Agricultural Mortgage Bank and created the Banking Superintendence, the Agricultural Credit Bank and the Colombian Saving Bank.
LAW 70
Authorized every family to be a part of a non-attachable asset under the name of 'family patrimony'.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1620005
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1932
LAW 19
This law authorized the capital of Bogotá and other capital cities to use 2% of their income to foster the spread of smaller urban properties and to promote the development of affordable housing. These funds could also be used to grant mortgage loans on smaller properties located in working-class neighbourhoods.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1574978
DECREES 280 AND 711
Decree 280 and 711 of 1932. Established the guidelines for the Central Mortgage Bank (BCH, Banco Central Hipotecario). This Bank was created with 50% State resources and the remaining 50% from commercial banks and private investors.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1065068
Commemorative coin Central Mortgage Bank
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1933
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The government made changes to the proposal of the Kemmerer Mission based on laissez-faire, implementing a reactivation policy that resorted to devaluation and expansion of the money supply. These measures were not well received by the US.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The New Deal Policy which occurred between 1933 and 1938 in the US was regarded as an interventionist policy that had been implemented by president Franklin D. Roosevelt and was aimed at countering the effects of the Great Depression of 1929. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1934
ALFONSO
LÓPEZ PUMAREJO
PRESIDENT (1934 - 1938)
https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/lopez_pumarejo.htm
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The government slogan was "Revolution in Progress". Regarding low-income housing this strategy focused on promoting "hygienic houses for workers". Thus, the main guidelines were as follows: 3% of municipal resources must be used for housing solutions for the workers; collective houses would preferably be located in central areas; one school should be located in each neighbourhood; the BCH mortgages could reach 75% of the house value; tax exemption for 10 years for lower valued houses.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1936
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Constitutional Reform. Its promoters -Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo, Alberto Lleras and Dario Echandía- wanted to bring liberalism to Colombia, "a developing country". This reform established the social function of property (Art. 10�).
Constitutional reform Lopez-Pumarejo
www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/enero1991/enero2.htm
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
This government applied the interventionist theory of the New Deal as a constitutional rule to rationalize the economy. Also it recognized the right to strike, supporting labour unions and introducing equilibrium in the relationship between workers and employers.
LAW 61
Amended Art. 7 of Law 46 of 1918 was created in order to add new requirements regarding minimal health conditions in homes.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1612790
LAW 91
Established the right to have family property that could not be foreclosed in order to foster social promotion.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1631649
LAW 170
Was passed in order to promote the construction of houses and family farms for employees and workers. The BCH was in charge of the projects.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1653503
LAW 200
Known as Land Reform. It was the first regulation regarding the social function of land and enabling expropriation of land in rural areas by the government. In addition, this law gave guidelines about the cases in which legal rights could be granted to landholders and included land judges whom were in charge of determining the actions that had to be taken if there were complaints about land invasions.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1654991
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1938
EDUARDO
SANTOS MONTEJO
PRESIDENT (1938 - 1942)
enciclopedia.banrepcultural.org/images/e/ee/Eduardo_Santos_Montejo.jpg
Typology of housing in Centenario Neighborhood
Brunner, K. (1939). Manual de Urbanismo Tomo II. Bogotá
Centenario Neighborhood in Bogotá
Brunner, K. (1939). Manual de Urbanismo Tomo II. Bogotá
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1939
DECRETO 200
Which, created the Territorial Credit Institute (ICT, Instituto de Crédito Territorial) which was the institution in charge of the construction for rural housing.
Commemorative stamp for the ICT foundation
ICT offices created around the country during its existence
Source: Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 1939-1989. Bogotá: INURBE. p.28
LAW 46
Which implemented upgrading programs for rural housing.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1600563
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1940
DECREE 306
Created the National League of Rural Housing. Since its creation this institution was responsible for fostering, a campaign to promote rural housing and ensured the improvement of hygienic and moral conditions for the rural population throughout the country.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1942
DECREE 380
Promoted construction companies and social housing programs which were directed toward improvement of housing quality, especially in urban areas. This is the first time that a public policy was oriented towards the construction of pilot neighborhoods.
Modelo Norte Neighborhood, Bogotá
www.bogota.gov.co/localidades/barrios%20unidos/Un%20barrio%20Modelo
MILESTONE
The ICT changed its focus from rural to urban housing.
1942|1965
INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH
This period was characterised by the notions of a Welfare State and Economic Protectionism, which promoted major participation from the State, in problems related to housing conditions (both to the quantitative and qualitative deficit). This government program strengthened existing financial institutions and created additional entities for achieving its objectives. The relevancy of the articulation of the Colombian Government, with international institutions, was particularly observed through the initiative called Alliance for Progress.
1942
ALFONSO
LÓPEZ PUMAREJO
PRESIDENT (1942 - 1945)
http://agenciadenoticias.unal.edu.co/detalle/documental-de-la-un-destaca-obra-de-lopez-pumarejo
NATIONAL CONTEXT
For the first time a Colombian president included specific references to the housing problems in his Government Programme.
LAW 53
Extended the ICT credits to housing cooperatives.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1606779
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1943
LAW 1
Enacted the expropriation of lands with the main purpose of obtaining land to build social housing and to fulfil other objectives of general interest.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1555738
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1944
DECREE 1247
This decree regulated Law 53 of 1942. This law stated, in detail, the requirements for cooperatives that were seeking loans for social housing.
DECREE 2363
Authorized INSCREDIAL to grant loans to associations of workers and employees aimed at building homes, for members whose income did not exceed COP$250 per month.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1945
LAW 29
Which promoted urban housing construction as a solution to the problem of leases.
Decree 26
Which clarifies Decree 2363 of 1944 determining that the government will issue public credit documents for COP$150,000 in favor of the ICT so that this institution may make direct loans to associations of workers or employees whose purpose is to build housing for their members.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1006425
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Delegates from fifty countries met on June 26th of 1945 to sign the United Nations Charter, to promote peace, justice and better living for all mankind.
Colombian Delegates UN Charter in San Francisco
Model working-class neighborhoods built in Bogotá
Source: Díaz Cotrino, Yenny "La vivienda obrera. Un elemento apaciguador o modernizador?" en Revista de arquitectura 9 2007
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1946
ALBERTO
LLERAS CAMARGO
PRESIDENT (1946 - 1947)
www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/691/Alberto%20Lleras%20Camargo
DECREE 1575
Was passed in order to authorize financing plans for worker's housing by allowing them to pledge their wages, severances and life insurances.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1311518
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1946
MARIANO
OSPINA PÉREZ
PRESIDENT (1946 - 1950)
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/historia-de-colombia-3d4c399b-5127-4074-813b-3f7697e369b0
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Economic Promotion Plan (Plan de Fomento Económico): This plan was characterised by an economic protectionist approach adding social reforms oriented towards both improvement of education and regulations for workers establishing the Labour Code.
LAW 85
Created additional instruments to finance housing for workers. This Law established an additional obligation to income tax, corresponding to 5% of excess net taxable income, in order to obtain resources for the ICT to build, improve or rebuild housing for the working and the middle classes. Also this law created the Social Housing Departmental Boards whose function was the approval of building plans and financing schemes.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1629014
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1947
LAW 87
Created the Military Housing Bank (Caja de la vivienda militar).
Pilot Plan, Cali. Town Planning Associates (TPA)
LAW 88
Established as a mandatory law for all municipalities for defining their urban growth boundary and as a requirement for the larger municipalities to formulate a Master/Pilot/Regulatory Plan.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1630215
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1948
MILESTONE
On April 9, 1948 presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán was assassinated. This triggered violent protests in Bogotá and other parts of the country. This episode of Colombian history known as "The Bogotázo". Since then, the intensification of violence in rural areas exacerbated migration from the countryside to cities, thereby, increasing the housing deficit.
Jorge Eliécer Gaitán was murdered
www.elespectador.com/noticias/nacional/el-medico-vio-morir-gaitan-articulo-414909
El Bogotazo
Source: Foto: Archivo personal, Arturo Pérez
www.uniminutoradio.com.co/el-bogotazo-el-inicio-de-la-violencia-que-marco-al-pais/
News about El Bogotazo and the IX Pan-American Conference
www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1794-24892006000200009
LAW 179
This law established the obligation to build toilets that would meet hygienic standards. Based on this requirement, the Government announced home visits and set a time limit of eight days after the visit to fulfill the requirement.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1653939
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1949
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
First mission of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, known today as the World Bank) to a Latin American country. As a result, the Plan for Economic Planning formulated by Lauchlin Currie was presented in Colombia. This plan recommended the implementation of long term planning institutions and the modernization of public administration that eventually led to the creation of the Economic Development Committee.
Alcázares Neighborhood in Bogotá
Source: Revista PROA No. 28
Houses in the Alcázares, Bogotá
Source: Arango, S. (1990). Historia de la Arquitectura en Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Blueprint of housing in Alcázares, Bogotá
Source: Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 1939-1989. Bogotá: INURBE. p. 81.
News about the importance of the Launchlin Currie
Periódico El tiempo, 6 of July of 1949
news.google.com/newspapers?nid=N2osnxbUuuUC&dat=19490705&printsec=frontpage&hl=es
Muzú Neighborhood in Bogotá
Revista PROA No.44
Santander Neighborhood in Cali
The news suggests that the Pacific Railway Co. was more efficient at building homes than was the ICT. Periódico El tiempo, 6 of July of 1949 .
news.google.com/newspapers?nid=N2osnxbUuuUC&dat=19490705&printsec=frontpage&hl=es
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1950
MILESTONE
Following the guidelines of Law 88 from 1947 the municipalities of Bogotá, Cali and Medellín signed the contracts for the design of their Master Plans. Bogotá hired Le Corbusier to develop the Pilot Plan and later the New Yorker firm Town Planning Associates (TPA) belonging to Paul Lester Wiener and Joseph Lluis Sert was contracted to develop the Regulatory Plan as a supplement to Le Corbusier's proposal. Likewise, Cali and Medellín hired TPA. In 1950 Master Plans for Bogotá, Medellín and Cali were finished and in 1953 TAP delivered the final version of the Regulatory Plan for Bogotá.
Pilot Plan for Bogota, Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier, Wiener and Sert met with Carlos Arbeláez in Bogotá
www.semana.com/cultura/articulo/el-regreso-genio-incomprendido/115839-3
Pilot Plan for Cali, details Civic Centre, TPA - Wiener y Sert
Espinoza, L.D. El Plan Piloto de Cali 1950 in Bitácora 10 (1) 2006: pp. 222-233.
Pilot Plan for Medellín, TPA - Wiener y Sert
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1951
LAUREANO
GÓMEZ CASTRO
PRESIDENT (1950 - 1951)
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The housing problem was not a central issue during Gómez's government. Nevertheless, it was during his presidency that projects of low-cost housing were promoted.
DECREE 1310
Created a tax incentive for the construction of affordable housing that was referred to as the new homes that had less than 150 square meters.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1862196
MILESTONE
The National Census revealed the statistics about the housing qualitative deficit in relation to access to drinking water and sanitation systems.
National Census Advertising that presented census as a promise for the future
Source: Periódico el Tiempo, 1st of July of 1949
news.google.com/newspapers?nid=N2osnxbUuuUC&dat=19490701&printsec=frontpage&hl=es
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1951
ROBERTO
URDANETA ARBELÁEZ
PRESIDENT (1951 - 1953)
MILESTONE
The ICT goal for this period was the construction of 14,000 new homes.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1953
DECREE 1132
This decree authorised the BCH to buy plots of land or other properties in order to develop housing programs directly or by contract.
https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1229790
DECREE 1371
Established the National Health Code, which contained several regulations for housing conditions.
DECREE 1465
This decree was passed in order to promote the construction of affordable housing and to authorize the ICT to issue "Housing and Savings Bonds".
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1953
GEN. GUSTAVO
ROJAS PINILLA
JUNTA MILITAR (1953 - 1957)
www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/6196/Gustavo%20Rojas%20Pinilla
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The housing problem was not a central issue during Gómez´s government. Nevertheless, it was during his presidency that projects of low-cost housing were promoted
Celebrating the coup of General Rojas-Pinilla
Gen Rojas-Pinilla assumes the presidency
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1954
DECREE 2462
This decree established the family housing subsidy at the expense of the State.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
An ECLAC Mission came to Colombia to start studies on analysis and projections, focused on promoting the development of the country.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1955
DECREE 14
This decree specifically describes the people who were considered to be dangerous and defines the penalties for each case. Paragraphs 29 and 30 of Article 7� stipulated the dangerous persons as being: 1) persons who, without having a title, were selling plots of land and 2) developers who have built projects: (a) without prior approval of the master plan; (b) with misleading advertising offering different characteristics to the finished project and (c) those who have not transferred the deed to the buyer after 30 days of payment.
First volume of the magazine Vivienda (Housing)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1956
DECREE 2115
Created the Bank for Housing (Banco de la Vivienda)
MILESTONE
Construction of the first housing project promoted by the Catholic institution known as "El Minuto de Dios" was initiated. The basic requirements, to be eligible for a house, were to be Catholic with a large family and very low income.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1957
Newly opened BCH building located on Avenida Colombia
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1958
JUNTA
MILITAR
(1957 - 1958)
Military board takes over the Presidency
CONTEXTO NACIONAL
Durante este período los gobernantes mantuvieron las reformas y proyectos en marcha que se habían iniciado durante el gobierno del General Rojas Pinilla.
PLANNING POLICIES
The Plan for Mutual Help (Plan de Ayuda Mutua) was one of the first programs directed toward incomplete housing. The ICT provided plots of land and construction materials and told the families that they were in charge of building their own dwelling.
Slum eradication initiatives were promoted.
Social Housing project Centro Antonio Nariño in Bogotá
Source: Museo de Desarrollo Urbano de Bogotá
unalhistoria3.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/centro-urbano-antonio-narino-cuan-1952.html
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1958
ALBERTO
LLERAS CAMARGO
PRESIDENT (1958 - 1962)
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/historia-de-colombia-4e8593d5-af09-40f3-9037-d6fee615c6d4
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Lebret Report. This was not a development plan but instead it was a diagnosis for policy makers that gave importance to the living standards and needs of the population. It highlighted the educational effort required for economic and human development. This study gave special attention to housing problems, particularly those referred to as the qualitative deficit.
News about a working-class housing project promot
El Tiempo Newspaper, 2 of october of 1958
PLANNING POLICIES
P3: Third Parties Plan (Plan de terceras partes) in which housing projects were integrated by building contractors, public resources and beneficiaries.
Cartoon that demonstrated the political importance
El Tiempo Newspaper, 3 of october of 1958
News about the implementation of housing for the workers
El Tiempo Newspaper, 3 of october of 1958
PLANNING POLICIES
(Plan Construcción) this plan was created to encourage the people to do their own construction by providing the building materials and plots of land.
PLANNING POLICIES
The Unfinished Houses Programme (Programa de casas inconclusas) was formulated to provide unfinished houses to low-income families who would be responsible for finishing their construction.
Louis-Joseph Lebret Portrait
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1959
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) was formally created through an Agreement in the Organization of American States (OAS).
https://virtualtour.iadb.org/#/linea-de-tiempo
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1960
Blueprint Barrio Cuba, in Pereira
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
Police responded to land occupation by rural women
E Espectador newspaper, 24 of january of 2016
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1961
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
ALLIANCE OF PROGRESS: this programme of economic, political and social aid was proposed by the US Government during President Kennedy´s administration. It was mainly focused on improving living conditions, in cities, and applying the agrarian reform in the countryside. The Alliance also had the implicit aim to prevent the spread of communism in the Latin American countries. This programme lasted until 1970.
Alliance for Progress, Kennedy stamp
Kennedy Alliance for Progress
Inauguration of the Kennedy neighbourhood
Ciudad Kennedy, Master Plan
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Colombian Operation: in 1961 Lauchlin Currie wrote the first version of the Operation that was opposed to the ECLAC and Alliance for Progress guidelines. In fact, Currie´s strategy was focused on the urban densification, while Alliance for Progress was trying to improve the conditions for the rural population. At that time, Currie argued that the rural-urban migration would improve Colombian living conditions. In addition he proposed the creation of a system that would allow the private sector to have the necessary conditions to provide long-term mortgage portfolios. This recommendation was the basis for the creation of the Constant Purchasing Power Unit (UPAC) in the 1970s.
Working-class families invaded urban land in south
El Tiempo, April 2nd 1961
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The first IADB Loan for technical cooperation projects was mainly directed toward low-income housing, water and sanitation projects. Social Progress Trust Fund.
Volume of Vivienda magazine made reference to the Alliance for Progress
CenaprovSaldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia
MILESTONE
The institution Central Nacional Provivienda (CENAPROV) was created as a working-class organisation with a strong leftist influence. This organisation promoted solutions for housing based on possession of land and self-built.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1962
GUILLERMO
LEÓN VALENCIA
PRESIDENT (1962 - 1966)
Elections for the National Front
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Formulation of the Ten-year Plan (Plan Decenal), which was elaborated with the support of the IADB, US-AID and ECLAC. It was inspired by the goals that were included in the Alliance for Progress.
The informal settlement known as Otrabanda in Medellín
Otrabanda neighbourhood in Medellín
PLANNING POLICIES
The orientations of housing polices kept the guidelines that had been provided by the Alliance for Progress. The ICT created different programmes that promoted solutions through self-built, loans, development of projects through public competitions, P3 Programmes, worker plan (1963); private financial plans; Programmes for slum eradication and neighbourhood upgrading.
MILESTONE
At this time the government started to promote the participation of private developers in some housing programmes. The two main goals of the government were: 1) to upgrade or eradicate the slum areas and 2) to increase the availability of urban land for affordable housing. According to Currie, in 1965, the deficit was 300,000 houses.
President Guillermo León Valencia
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
Blueprint for El Jordán, Ibagué
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The first IADB Loan for technical cooperation projects was mainly directed toward low-income housing, water and sanitation projects. Social Progress Trust Fund.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1965
DECREE 2349
Was passed to foster savings while also being focused on affordable housing. In addition, this decree authorized the creation of Savings and Loans Associations.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Currie rewrote his programme 'Colombian Operation' but it was not implemented until the Pastrana Borrero's government.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1966
MILESTONE
Creation of The Saving and Housing Bank (Banco de Ahorro y Vivienda). By the end of this government the ICT had built 60,000 low-income houses.
1965|1972
TRANSITION PERIOD
During this period a radical shift in social housing was implemented. The institutional approach was gradually replaced by a corporate approach. This change was related to a developmentalist economic focus in which the construction industry started to be seen as the option to solve national economic problems in terms of productivity and job creation rather than a key partner to solve the housing problems.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1966
NATIONAL CONTEXT
During this period it was formulated the National Development Plan 1969-1972 "Plans and Programmes". This plan, distant from Currie's approach, was focused on the social and economic characteristics of homeless families and the association of this condition with poverty.
Slum eradication
El Vespertino, April 13th, 1966
Priest Garcia Herreros, along with President Carlos Lleras
PLANNING POLICIES
The ICT continued to develop the programmes that had been initiated by previous governments.
PLANNING POLICIES
The term Social Housing (Vivienda de Interés Social - VIS) appeared as a new generic term, in the official jargon, which referred to any type of social or low-income housing projects.
Timiza Neighbourhood, Bogotá
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
Blueprint houses for Timiza, Bogotá
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1967
Pablo VI Neighbourhood, Bogotá
Arango, S. (1990). Historia de la Arquitectura en Colombia. Bogotá
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1968
DECREE 3118
Which created the National Saving Fund (FNA).
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
IADB loan for low-income housing. Fund for Special Operations.
News about the creation of the National Saving Fu
Periódico El Tiempo 27 of december of 1968
LAW 66
Which regulated activities of urbanization, construction and credit for home purchases and established the terms for its control.
http://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1617813
DECREE 2974
Which transformed the Ministry of Development in the Ministry of Economic Development. This decree delegated to the new ministry responsibility for formulating housing and urban development policies. It also created the Higher Council of Housing and Urban Development in accordance with the guidelines established in in Decree 1050 of 1968.
Blueprint Barrio Malhabar, Manizales
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1969
Blueprint Los Lagos, Bucaramanga
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1970
NATIONAL CONTEXT
During this period it was formulated the National Development Plan 1969-1972 "Plans and Programmes". This plan, distant from Currie's approach, was focused on the social and economic characteristics of homeless families and the association of this condition with poverty.
President Lleras-Restrepo participates in the inau
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
Blueprint of the Quirigua Neighbourhood, Bogotá
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
MISAEL
PASTRANA BORRERO
PRESIDENT (1970 - 1974)
https://www.elcolombiano.com/blogs/casillerodeletras/pastrana-candidato-del-frente-nacional/27412
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Pastrana's government slogan was 'Social Front, targeted toward the people' (Frente social, objetivo el pueblo). The new National Development Plan called 'The Four Strategies' (Las Cuatro Estrategias) paid special attention to the advice from Operación Colombia which had been originally proposed by Currie in 1965. This plan was oriented toward the concerns about the high levels of poverty and the proposals for tackling it were centred on how to cope with urban migration and prevent economic inflation.
Blueprint Sicarare, Valledupar
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
NATIONAL CONTEXT
A study that developed the Minimum Housing Standards was directed towards progressive development programmes. According to this norm the plots of land should range between 64 and 80 square meters while the demographic density should range from 70 to 150 houses per hectare. For completion of this study the government hired the firm Consultecnicos.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
This study 'Transformation and Development: the Great Task of Latin America' was commissioned to Raúl Prebisch in order to provide the IADB with a regional development outlook. However, the author sought to broaden the analysis to include a joint vision of the development strategies that had been implemented in previous decades by identifying their successes, limitations and failures.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1971
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Regarding the important migration, from rural to urban areas, during the 1970s, the IADB provided financing for urban development, hydroelectric plants, dams and electric interconnection projects (Colombia - Venezuela). There were also loans to finance public transport, drinking water and sanitation infrastructures. The IADB's portfolio in Colombia increased from US$540 million to US$875.3 million between 1970 and 1979.
Blueprint for Garcés Navas neighborhood, Bogotá
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
Blueprint for Zapamanga neighborhood, Bucaramanga
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
Blueprint for a multi-family dwelling in El Jardín
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1972
DECREE 677
Established a special mechanism for obtaining loans, which were based on constant value, in order to stimulate savings and credits favouring the construction sector and to protect buyers from the fluctuating interest rates. This mechanism was known as the Constant Purchasing Power Unit (UPAC). This decree also created the Savings and Housing Board (Junta de Ahorro y Vivienda).
Minimum Standards Study. Theoretical model
Saldarriaga, A. Estado, Ciudad y Vivienda. Urbanismo y Arquitectura de la vivienda estatal en Colombia
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The strategies called 'plot of land with services' and 'minimal housing unit for progressive development' were inspired by the work of John Turner who, in 1972, published the book "Freedom To Build; Dweller Control of the Housing Process". This strategy was used to reduce the housing deficit in Latin America and it was supported by the World Bank throughout the decade of the 1970s.
La Manuelita, Bogotá. Master Plan and housing prot
Saldarriaga, A. Estado, Ciudad y Vivienda. Urbanismo y Arquitectura de la vivienda estatal en Colombia
La Manuelita, Bogotá. Minimal unit
La Manuelita, Bogotá. Finished house
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1973
DECREE 710
This decree stated that the ICT initiated the funding programme for self-built and progressive development through individual loans.
Blueprint Torcoroma neighborhood, Cúcuta
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
IADB Project in Bogotá: Urban Development for the Eastern Area (PIDUZOB). Fund for urban development and housing-neighbourhood upgrading. This fund included technical assistance for urban planning as well as funds for improving urban management and financing in order to promote a balanced urban development.
Ortiz Mena, Antonio. (1972). BID.
IADB Project PIDUZOB in Bogotá. Neighbourhood upg
La Manuelita Project PIDUZOB. Neighbourhood upgrading. Finished house, Bogotá
1971|1990
SAVING AND HOUSING CORPORATIONS PERIOD
Although this period is characterized by the massive participation of the private sector in social housing, there were still strong public institutions that participated in the construction of new houses, urban renewal projects and subsidy programmes. This period is also important for the discussions that took place within the framework of the qualitative and quantitative deficit.
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Urban Upgrading Programme: Integration of community services and participation in marginal zones.
PLANNING POLICIES
Several reforms were made to UPAC. One goal of the policies was the decentralisation of demographic pressure in urban areas.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1976
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The National Development Plan with the slogan 'To close the gap' (Para Cerrar La Brecha) was focused on improving the living conditions of the poor.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
World Conference HABITAT I: Vancouver
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The international community began to recognize the consequences of rapid urbanization and the need for promoting sustainable human settlements, especially in the so-called 'developing world'. The first Habitat Conference adopted 64 recommendations for National Action as well as implementing the Action Plan. The six sections of the plan covered: settlements policies and strategies; settlement planning; shelter, infrastructure and services; land and public participation.
https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/documents/7252The_Vancouver_Declaration_1976.pdf
Habitat I Vancouver, Opening ceremony
Photo by Jane Cooper
Habitat I, Partial view of committee
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
During HABITAT I Colombian delegates presented the first inventory that ICT developed about deprived urban areas. This presentation demonstrated the interest of the government on countering the negative effects of informal urbanization.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1977
NATIONAL CONTEXT
AGREEMENT 004 of 1977.
Established the following plans for the ICT: 1) the development in sub-standard housing areas; 2) the construction of new houses; 3) the construction of communal services and infrastructure; and 4) the progressive improvement of the community.
Aerial view of the subdivision process in Las Guacamayas
Blueprint Sicarare, Valledupar
Blueprint of the Bellavista neighbourhood, Malambo
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
Blueprint of Chiminangos, Cali
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Between 1972 and 1978, 504,383 houses were built. Because of the UPAC the construction of 41.6%, of those houses, was made possible.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1978
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Creation of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS-Habitat)
Blueprint of the Timanco neighborhood, Neiva
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
Blueprint for the Bucarica neighborhood, Bucaramanga
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
IADB Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation Special Programme for urban development and neighbourhood upgrading. It established partial financing for the plots of land which included services that would benefit 90,000 low-income people located in the south eastern area of Cartagena. This was a demonstrative project, known as Social Progress Trust Fund that used self-help systems to aid recipients.
JULIO
TURBAY AYALA
PRESIDENT (1978 - 1982)
Land possession in Soacha, a peripheral town location
El Porvenir Sector Invasion, Soacha 1978
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Formulation of the National Development Plan: National Plan for the Integration (Plan Nacional de integración).
LAW 61
Law 61 of 1978. Organic Law of Urban Development. The Congress passed this law with the aim of 'improving economic, social, cultural and ecological conditions in cities'. This Law established that "cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants should formulate their own Comprehensive Development Plan based on modern techniques of urban planning and urban-regional coordination".
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1614122
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1979
LAW 9
Through this law sanitary measures for new projects in pursuit of environmental protection were established.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1564714
Blueprint Nuevo Bosque, Cartagena
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
Blueprint Cacique Niquia, Medellín
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1980
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade was launched.
Ciudadela Real de Minas, Bucaramanga
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1981
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
IADB Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation. Social Progress Trust Fund. Line for urban credit.
Blueprint La Fuente, Tunja
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
Blueprint Bochica, Bogotá
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1982
BELISARIO
BETANCUR CUARTAS
PRESIDENT (1982 - 1986)
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Formulation of The National Development Plan 'Change with equity' (Cambio con equidad). This plan was focused on the reactivation of the economy by creating jobs in the construction sector that would cover two of the most common problems: employment and housing. As an economic development driver, the construction sector focused on social housing with programmes including plots of land with public services, self-built and progressive development. It was also proposed to define comprehensive master city plans. However, an economic crisis reduced the aid for the social and housing programmes.
PLANNING POLICIES
The NDP included a strategy that shared some of Currie's insights about the construction as leading sector for the national economy. This plan also introduced a social approach in order to solve housing problems in the poorest urban areas. The goal was to build 400.000 new homes of which 88%, of that total, was oriented toward the low-income households.
Blueprint Floralia, Cali
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1983
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Formulation of The National Development Plan 'Change with equity' (Cambio con equidad). This plan was focused on the reactivation of the economy by creating jobs in the construction sector that would cover two of the most common problems: employment and housing. As an economic development driver, the construction sector focused on social housing with programmes including plots of land with public services, self-built and progressive development. It was also proposed to define comprehensive master city plans. However, an economic crisis reduced the aid for the social and housing programmes.
PLANNING POLICIES
Having detected that one of the barriers for low-income people to acquiring a home was the low saving capacity, the government launched the programme 'Dwelling without initial deposit'. The ICT was responsible for its implementation with the construction of a third of the homes built by the institute since 1939. However, the the financial and insurance costs and the loss of the mortgage payments, among other factors, contributed to the economic imbalance of the ICT.
Source: Colombia: 100 Years of Housing Policies, MinVivienda, 2014. Pg.38.
Miramar neighbourhood, in Medellín
Blueprint Ciudadela 20 de Julio, Santa Marta
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia
Blueprint Ciudadela Tumaco, Tumaco
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1985
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Due to an economic crisis the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recommended the implementation of an adjustment programme oriented by neoliberal principles which were based on the reduction of public spending and the privatization of public institutions.
MILESTONE
Due to an economic crisis the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recommended the implementation of an adjustment programme oriented by neoliberal principles which were based on the reduction of public spending and the privatization of public institutions.
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The BCH developed urban renewal and informal settlement upgrading projects.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1986
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
IADB. First Neighbourhood Upgrading Programme (Chile).
MILESTONE
The goal for building 400,000 new homes was not achieved. Although 106,000 houses were built by the private sector each year, 88% of the resources were not allocated for social housing. There was also an increase in the qualitative and quantitative deficit that had been recorded during this period.
Betancur inaugurated a social housing project, Tumaco
VIRGILIO
BARCO VARGAS
PRESIDENT (1986 - 1990)
https://www.elcolombiano.com/blogs/casillerodeletras/presidente-de-colombia-1986/6417
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Formulation of The National Development Plan: Plan of social economy (Plan de economía social) that proposed two strategies: 1) an economic factor that propelled a bigger participation of the private sector and 2) a social factor that focused on the reduction of poverty and the improvement of living conditions in the rural population. This government was also characterized by implementing the policy of regional decentralization, which meant transferring of the political and economic autonomy to municipalities.
PLANNING POLICIES
The National Planning Program included the "Plan for the eradication of extreme poverty" primarily aimed at addressing the factors that generated this condition. This plan included a chapter about upgrading and development of human settlements.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1987
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). During this meeting there was a presentation of the document entitled "Our Common Future Report Sustainable Development" also known as "Brundtland Report". This report not only suggested that development is not just about how poor countries can ameliorate their situation, but it also made recommendations about what the entire world could do to ameliorate a common situation.
DECREE 78
This regulation delegated the following functions to the municipalities: 1) to grant permits to develop the activities for selling residential properties, 2) to grant permits for the development of housing programmes performed by the system of self-built and 3) to offer affordable housing that resulted from these projects.
Ciudad Salitre Aerial View
Fondo Nacional del Ahorro, Concurso Nacional Carlos Lleras Restrepo
Ciudad Salitre Master Plan
Fondo Nacional del Ahorro, Concurso Nacional Carlos Lleras Restrepo
Ciudad Salitre, public space
Lina González, personal archive
DECREES 720 AND 721
UPAC was reformed
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The BCH developed urban renewal and informal settlement upgrading projects.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Due to an economic crisis the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recommended the implementation of an adjustment programme oriented by neoliberal principles which were based on the reduction of public spending and the privatization of public institutions.
Landslide that affected the Villatin
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1988
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The controversy over government intervention for reducing the risk of informal settlements was opened again after the landslide in the Villatina Neighbourhood, in Medellín, which buried 100 houses and about 500 people. This has been described as the greatest tragedy in informal settlements that has occurred in Colombia.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
During the 83rd plenary meeting the United Nations launched the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 (RES/43/18) in order to "facilitate adequate shelter for all by the year 2000, that the main focus should therefore be on improving the situation of the disadvantaged and the poor" Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation. Subsector housing. Technical assistance to the Central Bank Mortgage (BCH) to analyse BCH its programmes (technical, institutional, financial, economic and legal components).
MILESTONE
General concern about poverty was followed by the creation of indicators such as the Poverty Line (LP) and the Unsatisfied Basic Needs Index (NBI).
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1989
LAW 9
This was known as the 'Urban Reform Law'. This regulation compelled the municipalities to formulate a development plan including, among others, land use, public services plans and availability of land for social housing projects.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/30039928
LAW 57
Created the Financial Institution for Territorial Development (Findeter, Financiera de Desarrollo Territorial S.A.) with the aim of fostering urban and rural development.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1610091
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Washington Consensus. The market should meet housing needs.
1990|2018
THE MARKET APPROACH AND ON DEMAND-SIDE SUBSIDIES
This period was deeply influenced by neoliberal guidelines as well as by world structural adjustment programmes since the early 1990s. It is characterised by the closure of many public institutions that used to provide goods and services while at the same time it helped to strengthen private developers of social housing. It also initiated profound transformations in housing programmes in which governmental participation was directed towards building projects that provided direct subsidies.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1990
CÉSAR
GAVIRIA TRUJILLO
PRESIDENT (1990 - 1994)
NATIONAL CONTEXT
New constitution: Art. 51 proclaimed: "All Colombians have the right to a decent home. Therefore, the state will establish the conditions to fulfil this right and will promote plans for social housing, for appropriate systems of long-term financing and for associative forms for execution of housing programmes."
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Neoliberal guidelines
LAW 49
Being compelled against the family compensation funds (Cajas de Compensación Familiar) the passing of this law enabled the creation of a fund for the family housing allowance where funds could actually be transferred to beneficiaries as in-kind or cash subsidies.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1603657
PLANNING POLICIES
The National Council for Economic and Social Policy (CONPES) published the document DNP-2484-UDU in September 21st of 1990 to determine the end of the government intervention in housing. This decision was proposed to overcome centralism and lack of coordination between agencies in charge of social housing. Thus, municipalities could determine the type of project and its location. In this scheme, the national resources are delivered as contributions to municipalities and beneficiary families, to be applied exclusively to the acquisition of social housing.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1991
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The government introduced the "ABC" programme, a formula used to promote the acquisition of low-income housing, which consisted of the combination of savings (ahorro), subsidy (bono) and credit (crédito). This programme was inspired by the Chilean experience and framed in a neoliberal vision of market housing for the poor.
Gilbert, 2002, p.310
LAW 3
Created the Social Housing National System which established the family housing allowance and transformed the ICT into the National Institute of Social Housing and Urban Reform (INURBE). This law put an end to the intervention of the national government in social housing and shifted the responsibility to the system, which included public and private institutions.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1558431
Special projects built by the ICT during its exist
Saldarriaga, A. (1995). Medio siglo de vivienda social en Colombia 193
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1992
President Gaviria-Trujillo along with the Minister
Logo of Ballot to vote to support a referendum for a new Constitution
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1993
MILESTONE
The National Census reported that 53,65% of Colombian homes had housing needs and of this percentage 36,65% were needs related to the qualitative deficit. The quantitative deficit was calculated to be involving 1.097.343 homes.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1995
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1996
LAW 308
Which added to the Criminal Code illegal urbanization as an offense. In Article 367A Illegal Developer is defined as the person who 'develops, promotes, sponsors, abets, finances, facilitates, tolerates, collaborates or allows the division, subdivision, development of real estate, or construction without fulfilling the legal requirements'.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1658045
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
World Conference HABITAT II: Istanbul The Vancouver commitments were reconfirmed. It was adopted the Habitat Agenda as a global action plan to provide adequate shelter for all, based on the following statements:
1) Cities are the engines of global growth.
2) Call for a stronger role of local authorities.
3) Recognition of the power of participation.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1997
LAW 368
Created the Social Solidarity Network (Red de Solidaridad Social) supported with resources provided by INURBE. This programme was focused on promoting housing for families earning less than two minimum wages.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1658953
LAW 388
Law 388 of 1997: Law of territorial Development. This law is still in force and obliges municipalities to formulate and implement comprehensive plans. It Expands the alternatives posed by Law 9 of 1989 to obtain land for social housing and regulates financial tools to achieve an equitable distribution of burdens and benefits in urban development.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1659295
Logo of the Social Solidarity Network
MILESTONE
According to the DANE Survey of Households, in 1997, the housing quantitative deficit included 850.471 homes.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1998
ANDRÉS
PASTRANA ARANGO
PRESIDENT (1998 - 2002)
http://www.las2orillas.co/los-tres-responsables-de-los-fallos-adversos-de-la-haya/
DECREE 879
Contains the specific regulations for comprehensive planning and territorial comprehensive plans defined by Law 388 of 1997.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1182993
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1999
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Formulation of The National Development Plan: Change for the Construction of Peace (Cambio para construir la paz).
LAW 546
This law established the replacement of UPAC for the Constant Real Value Unit (UVR). It also stated that the savings and housing corporations would have the structure of commercial banks. This Law also created the Superior Council of Housing as an advisory body to the government on all matters related to housing.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1662325
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The UN-Habitat launched the Global Campaign on Urban Governance aimed at contributing 'to the eradication of poverty through improved urban governance'.
http://unhabitat.org/books/global-campaign-on-urban-governance-the/
MILESTONE
Due to the economic crisis in the early 1990s Colombian authorities raised the interest rates to levels that were approaching 90%. As a consequence, the UPAC was increased and mortgage debts became unaffordable. According to DANE Survey of Households, in 1997, the housing quantitative deficit had included 850,471 homes. By 1999 more than one million people lost their homes.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
During the inaugural meeting of the Cities Alliance held in Berlin in 1999, Nelson Mandela launched the action plan for the strategy called Cities Without Slums. The goal of this initiative was to show that "By 2020, the cities would have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers".
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2000
NATIONAL CONTEXT
During this period, housing policies had to be reformulated due to large investments that had been made in the Coffee Region to rebuild the area that was affected by an earthquake in 1999. Furthermore, additional emphasis on new housing was needed in capital cities because of the increased migration of peasants who were displaced by the armed conflict.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The United Nations promulgated the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) which projected special emphasis on reducing poverty and improving the quality of life for the communities that were living in the deprived areas of the cities.
Millennium Development Goals
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The World Bank´s new urban strategy Cities in Transition: A Strategic View of Urban and Local Government Issues was approved in December of 1999. "The ultimate aim of this strategy was to promote sustainable cities and towns that would fulfil the promise of development for their inhabitants" particularly, by improving the lives of the poor and promoting equity while contributing to the progress of the country as a whole.
Kessides, C. (2000). Cities in transition : World Bank urban and local government strategy (p. 6). World Bank
Urban Growth in Bogotá between 1960 and 2000
Arias, F. & Cárdenas, S. (2010). La arquitectura de los barrios del Banco Central Hipotecario en Bogotá, 1953-1984
LAW 790
Established the regulations for urban housing leases.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1669010
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2001
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The UN Centre for human settlements (UNHCS) becomes a Programme.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2002
ALVARO
URIBE VÉLEZ
FIRST GOVERNMENT
(2002-2006)
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The National Development Plan 'Towards a Communitarian State' (Hacia un Estado comunitario) was approved. This plan estimated that the housing deficit was 2,000,000 units, of which 870,000 involved qualitative deficit. The goal for the government was to construct 400,000 new houses.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2003
LAW 820
Established the regulations for urban housing leases.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1669010
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2004
DECREE 2060
Established the minimum standards for social housing in urban areas. This regulation defined that lots for single-family housing should have a minimum area of 35m², for two-family housing 70m² and for apartment blocks 120m².
CONPES 3305
Established the guidelines for optimizing the urban development policy. In addition to presenting an overview of the sub-standard housing situation in Colombia, this document proposed a number of strategies to improve the conditions for informal settlements.
Conpes 'Guidelines to optimize the urban development'
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
UN HABITAT, Slum Upgrading Facility (SUF) is centred on upgrading slums based on the assumption that success is possible when dwellers are fully involved in the process in a collaborative scheme with other participants and key stakeholders. This initiative also includes the proposal of making upgrades 'bankable' which means making it attractive for the financial sector.
https://staging.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2640
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The World Bank approved the loan to undertake the Peace and Development Project with the aim to assist the vulnerable, low-income and displaced populations that had been affected by the conflict in Colombia.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2005
NATIONAL CONTEXT
DANE National Census. The census reported that 36,21% of Colombian homes had some kind of deficit. From the total, 23,84% were reported with qualitative deficit.
Comparative statistics of the housing deficit
Boletin general del censo del 2005 - DANE
Comparative statistics of the qualitative housing
Boletin general del censo del 2005 - DANE
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2006
ALVARO
URIBE VÉLEZ
SECOND GOVERNMENT
(2002-2006)
http://historico.presidencia.gov.co/sp/2008/diciembre/17/11172008.html
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Formulation of The National Development Plan: 'Communitarian State: Development for all' (Estado Comunitario: Desarrollo para Todos).
National Development Plan 2006-2010
PLANNING POLICIES
The National Development Department created the programme 'Building friendly Cities Strategy' as a component of the Plan (Vision Colombia 2019). That plan was formulated to prepare the commemoration of the Bicentenary of Independence. Following the overall initiative, seven strategies were proposed to improve access to housing based on the fact that there was a lack of access for the poorest and that informal working conditions were identified as the main barrier for people to become owners.
Friendly Cities
Presentation of the National Savings Fund and the National Planning
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2008
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
UN HABITAT launched the Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme with the main goal being focused on improving the living conditions for at least two million slum dwellers. This programme is based on the 'participatory planning methods, integrated strategies and systemic change'.
https://staging.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2640
MILESTONE
International financial crisis
Cartoon about the global economy crisis
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2009
CONPES 3604
Which established the guidelines for the informal settlement upgrading policy.
Conpes 3609 Guidelines for the consolidation of the policy of Integral Improvement of Neighborhoods (Mejoramiento integral de barrios - MIB)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2010
JUAN MANUEL
SANTOS
FIRST GOVERNMENT
(2010-2014)
http://www.semana.com/politica/articulo/llego-hora-concordia-juan-manuel-santos/118223-3
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The National Development Plan 'Prosperity for all (Prosperidad para Todos) was formulated.
National Development Plan 2010-2014
PLANNING POLICIES
The National Development Department (DNP) included the 'Locomotive Housing and Friendly Cities' programme (Locomotora de la vivienda y las ciudades amables) that was used for understanding cities as one of the ´locomotive tools' for progress. DNP also proposed the construction of one million new houses nationwide for the poorest families. In the proposed scheme municipalities were in charge of providing the land for the projects.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2011
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Law 1444 of 2011. Divided the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development into the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development and the Ministry of Housing and Territorial Development.
LAW 1454
This law was known as the Organic Law on Comprehensive Territorial Planning. It established the principles of territorial comprehensive planning, as well as, the institutional framework and instruments for urban development.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1681347
MILESTONE
About 58,000 homes were destroyed by the rainy season between 2010 and 2011 caused by the phenomenon known as 'La Niña'. This natural disaster revealed the urgency of improving territorial planning and implementing measures to address climate change. The government created the "Adaptation Fund" as the institution in charge of the reconstruction of housing and infrastructure.
Floods caused by 'La Niña' in Puerto Nare
Floods caused by 'La Niña' also affected urban areas
MILESTONE
Controversy over the change of indicators to measure poverty in Colombia. The methodology focused on a multidimensional model inspired by the proposal of economists Sabina Alkire and James Foster who work for the Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative.
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2012
LAW 1537
This law promulgated the regulations to promote urban development and access to housing. Article 12� established the possibility of providing in-kind subsidies (meaning a finished home) to households in extreme poverty. Thus, it is this law that regulated the '100% Subsidized Housing' programme known as '100,000 free homes'.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
UN HABITAT, Global Programme on Public Space was launched that was aimed at upgrading dwellers living conditions while taking into consideration that 'good public spaces enhance community cohesion and promote health, happiness, and well-being for all its citizens'.
DECREE 1921
This decree regulated the methodology for the selection of potential beneficiaries of the '100% subsidized housing' programme.
Geographical distribution of beneficiaries
DECREE 2045
This decree defined the requirements and inabilities of building developers to participate in the construction of projects for social housing funded by the Colombian government. This decree makes special reference to the "100% Subsidized Housing" programme known as "100,000 free homes" in order to prevent any corruption in the allocation of contracts.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1390430
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
IADB Initiative of Sustainable and Emerging Cities was launched to support the middle-sized cities that applied for support from three main sources: (a) Instruments for Climate Change and Urban Sustainability; (b) Deepening of Diagnoses and Project Preparation; and (c) Monitoring System and Sustainability Evaluation.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
WB First Programmatic Productive and Sustainable Cities Development Policy Loan (DPL). The main objective for this programme was to support countries that were interested in carrying out reforms in their regulatory frameworks. The central topics included are water and sanitation, transport, vulnerability of natural disasters for the urban poor; affordable and safe low-income housing; to strengthen the ability of institutions to coordinate and finance development initiatives.
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2013
DECREE 075
Established the mandatory percentages of land for social housing in vacant lots of land as well as in areas for urban renewal programmes.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1016628
President and Minister of Housing in El Salado, Bolívar
DECREE 847
Established the responsibilities of the beneficiaries of the 100% Subsidised Housing Programme.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1177459
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2014
JUAN MANUEL
SANTOS
SECOND GOVERNMENT
(2014-2018)
PLANNING POLICIES
The slogan 'Locomotive Tools' from the last government NDP was replaced by the slogan 'New Strategies'. The housing problem included in the programme was known as (An Equitable Colombia having no extreme poverty). New goal: an additional 100,000 houses that would be 100% subsidized.
NATIONAL CONTEXT
The National Development Plan: 'All for a New Country' (Todos por un nuevo país) was formulated. This plan has different housing programmes: 1) 100,000 houses for the extremely poor who are not able to obtain credit. 2) My Home Now for money savers who earn two or less than two minimum-wages. 3) My Home Now, initial fee, for families who earn between 2 to 4 minimum wages. 3) My Home Now, mortgage subsidy. 4) Social lease, for people who had saved 10% of the house exclusively with the National Save Bank and had earned between 2-4 minimum wages.
National Development Plan 2014-2018
Map of the housing deficit centralized in the urban areas
Ministerio de vivienda ciudad y territorio (2014). Colombia: 100 años
Colombian map localizing the free housing project
Ministerio de vivienda ciudad y territorio (2014). Colombia: 100 años
DECREE 1649
This decree created the Division for Housing Coordination and determined its functions as a support office attached to the Vice-Presidency of the Republic.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1325865
DECREE 2481
Modified article 4 of Decree 847 of 2013 referring to the obligations of the beneficiaries of 100% Subsidised Housing Programme. One of the characteristics of this modification is that the National Government clarifies that the regulations regarding land use in the projects of the Programme depend on the norms defined by the Comprehensive Plans of each municipality.This means that the restriction, imposed by the Ministry of Housing in 2013, that forced the owners to use their homes only for residential purposes, without possibility of having small businesses, was removed.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1455193
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2015
DECREE 210
This act delegates to the Vice President of the Republic the inter-institutional and intersectoral coordination of projects related to housing, infrastructure and urban renewal.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/30019739
The President, Vice President and Minister of Housing
DECREE 428
By which the government launched the social housing program "My home now" in order to benefit 30,000 families between 2015 and 2018. Implementing this programme the government was able to provide subsidies for families with monthly income between US$460 and US$920 to support them to become homeowners.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/30019770
My Home Now Programme, general guidelines
DECREE 1077
National regulation for housing, cities and territory. Includes all the regulations concerning subsidies, comprehensive and master plans, housing plans, building norms, risk management and land use. Also, guidelines on public space (standards, accessibility and management), urban standards, building licences, legalization of informal settlements.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/30020036
Disbursements of mortgage Portfolios
Periódico La República 18th of November, 2015
CONTEXTO INTERNACIONAL
The United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development which included 17 goals that aimed towards an end to poverty; a reduction of inequality and injustice; would make cities and human settlements inclusive and could cope with climate change by 2030.
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2016
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
UN HABITAT initiative Up for Slum Dwellers Transforming a Billion Lives. This programme is intended to transform the slum dwellers' living conditions in 190 cities. The 35 countries participating in this campaign will receive support for implementing the Millennium Development Goal Targets for water, sanitation and slum upgrading.
http://unhabitat.org/up-for-slum-dwellers-transforming-a-billion-lives-campaign-unveiled-in-europe/
President Juan Manuel Santos at the United Nations
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Habitat III - Quito, Ecuador. Undertaking this third Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, UN Habitat is seeking the adoption of the New Urban Agenda
DECREE 528
This regulation created and organized the National System of Social Support and Social Infrastructure for the Free Housing Programme. Considering the conditions of vulnerability of the beneficiaries of the Free Housing Program, the Government determined as necessary to implement a specialized support. The main objectives of this initiative are to reduce the risks generated by the effect of residential relocation and to promote the coexistence of the beneficiaries of housing projects.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/30020301
MILESTONE
The Peace Agreeement with the guerrillas Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) was signined after 52 years of armed conflict.
Ceremony for signing peace agreement with the FARC
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2017
LAW 1848
Established the regulations for formalisation, titling and recognition of buildings in urban settlements. It grants exemptions for the registration of titles, for cadastral information and certificates of tradition for social housing in properties that have been formally legalised by the municipality. According to this law, the recognition of buildings of social interest that have been legalised will be free and will be processed directly by the planning offices in each municipality.
www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/30032538
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