NATIONAL CONTEXT

This government was based on efficiency and was interested in promoting industrialization and modernization of the infrastructure as well as in increasing the access to international capitals through direct loans.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Abadía was the last president of the Conservative hegemony period which had lasted for 44 years.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

This Liberal government was characterized by guidelines that included many of the worker's needs. President Olaya-Herrera was a working-class leader.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Second Kemmerer Mission. The paralysis of public works and declining production motivated this mission in order to help stabilize the domestic economic conditions. This mission recommended prudent credit allocation to the central bank and a rigorous portfolio management to assure payment for the external debt. Additionally, it asked for special faculties from the Ministry of Finance to obtain balanced public budgets and to promote an administrative reorganization that would allow for technical management, cost savings and increased efficiency. 

historiacritica.uniandes.edu.co/view.php/462/index.php?id=462 

NATIONAL CONTEXT

The government made changes to the proposal of the Kemmerer Mission based on laissez-faire, implementing a reactivation policy that resorted to devaluation and expansion of the money supply. These measures were not well received by the US.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

The New Deal Policy which occurred between 1933 and 1938 in the US was regarded as an interventionist policy that had been implemented by president Franklin D. Roosevelt and was aimed at countering the effects of the Great Depression of 1929. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

The government slogan was "Revolution in Progress". Regarding low-income housing this strategy focused on promoting "hygienic houses for workers". Thus, the main guidelines were as follows: 3% of municipal resources must be used for housing solutions for the workers; collective houses would preferably be located in central areas; one school should be located in each neighbourhood; the BCH mortgages could reach 75% of the house value; tax exemption for 10 years for lower valued houses.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Constitutional Reform. Its promoters -Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo, Alberto Lleras and Dario Echandía- wanted to bring liberalism to Colombia, "a developing country". This reform established the social function of property (Art. 10).

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

This government applied the interventionist theory of the New Deal as a constitutional rule to rationalize the economy. Also it recognized the right to strike, supporting labour unions and introducing equilibrium in the relationship between workers and employers.

MILESTONE

The ICT changed its focus from rural to urban housing.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

Delegates from fifty countries met on June 26th of 1945 to sign the United Nations Charter, to promote peace, justice and better living for all mankind.

MILESTONE

On April 9, 1948 presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán was assassinated. This triggered violent protests in Bogotá and other parts of the country. This episode of Colombian history known as "The Bogotázo". Since then, the intensification of violence in rural areas exacerbated migration from the countryside to cities, thereby, increasing the housing deficit.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

First mission of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, known today as the World Bank) to a Latin American country. As a result, the Plan for Economic Planning formulated by Lauchlin Currie was presented in Colombia. This plan recommended the implementation of long term planning institutions and the modernization of public administration that eventually led to the creation of the Economic Development Committee.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

The housing problem was not a central issue during Gómez´s government. Nevertheless, it was during his presidency that projects of low-cost housing were promoted

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

An ECLAC Mission came to Colombia to start studies on analysis and projections, focused on promoting the development of the country.

CONTEXTO NACIONAL

Durante este período los gobernantes mantuvieron las reformas y proyectos en marcha que se habían iniciado durante el gobierno del General Rojas Pinilla.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

Lebret Report. This was not a development plan but instead it was a diagnosis for policy makers that gave importance to the living standards and needs of the population. It highlighted the educational effort required for economic and human development. This study gave special attention to housing problems, particularly those referred to as the qualitative deficit.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

ALLIANCE OF PROGRESS: this programme of economic, political and social aid was proposed by the US Government during President Kennedy´s administration. It was mainly focused on improving living conditions, in cities, and applying the agrarian reform in the countryside. The Alliance also had the implicit aim to prevent the spread of communism in the Latin American countries. This programme lasted until 1970.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

Colombian Operation: in 1961 Lauchlin Currie wrote the first version of the Operation that was opposed to the ECLAC and Alliance for Progress guidelines. In fact, Currie´s strategy was focused on the urban densification, while Alliance for Progress was trying to improve the conditions for the rural population. At that time, Currie argued that the rural-urban migration would improve Colombian living conditions. In addition he proposed the creation of a system that would allow the private sector to have the necessary conditions to provide long-term mortgage portfolios. This recommendation was the basis for the creation of the Constant Purchasing Power Unit (UPAC) in the 1970s.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

The first IADB Loan for technical cooperation projects was mainly directed toward low-income housing, water and sanitation projects. Social Progress Trust Fund.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Formulation of the Ten-year Plan (Plan Decenal), which was elaborated with the support of the IADB, US-AID and ECLAC. It was inspired by the goals that were included in the Alliance for Progress.

MILESTONE

At this time the government started to promote the participation of private developers in some housing programmes. The two main goals of the government were: 1) to upgrade or eradicate the slum areas and 2) to increase the availability of urban land for affordable housing. According to Currie, in 1965, the deficit was 300,000 houses.

DECREE 2349

Was passed to foster savings while also being focused on affordable housing. In addition, this decree authorized the creation of Savings and Loans Associations.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

Currie rewrote his programme 'Colombian Operation' but it was not implemented until the Pastrana Borrero's government.

1966

NATIONAL CONTEXT

During this period it was formulated the National Development Plan 1969-1972 "Plans and Programmes". This plan, distant from Currie's approach, was focused on the social and economic characteristics of homeless families and the association of this condition with poverty.

DECREE 3118

Which created the National Saving Fund (FNA).

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

IADB loan for low-income housing. Fund for Special Operations.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

During this period it was formulated the National Development Plan 1969-1972 "Plans and Programmes". This plan, distant from Currie's approach, was focused on the social and economic characteristics of homeless families and the association of this condition with poverty.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Pastrana's government slogan was 'Social Front, targeted toward the people' (Frente social, objetivo el pueblo). The new National Development Plan called 'The Four Strategies' (Las Cuatro Estrategias) paid special attention to the advice from Operación Colombia which had been originally proposed by Currie in 1965. This plan was oriented toward the concerns about the high levels of poverty and the proposals for tackling it were centred on how to cope with urban migration and prevent economic inflation.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

A study that developed the Minimum Housing Standards was directed towards progressive development programmes. According to this norm the plots of land should range between 64 and 80 square meters while the demographic density should range from 70 to 150 houses per hectare. For completion of this study the government hired the firm Consultecnicos.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

This study 'Transformation and Development: the Great Task of Latin America' was commissioned to Raúl Prebisch in order to provide the IADB with a regional development outlook. However, the author sought to broaden the analysis to include a joint vision of the development strategies that had been implemented in previous decades by identifying their successes, limitations and failures.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

Regarding the important migration, from rural to urban areas, during the 1970s, the IADB provided financing for urban development, hydroelectric plants, dams and electric interconnection projects (Colombia - Venezuela). There were also loans to finance public transport, drinking water and sanitation infrastructures. The IADB's portfolio in Colombia increased from US$540 million to US$875.3 million between 1970 and 1979.

DECREE 677

Established a special mechanism for obtaining loans, which were based on constant value, in order to stimulate savings and credits favouring the construction sector and to protect buyers from the fluctuating interest rates. This mechanism was known as the Constant Purchasing Power Unit (UPAC). This decree also created the Savings and Housing Board (Junta de Ahorro y Vivienda).

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

The strategies called 'plot of land with services' and 'minimal housing unit for progressive development' were inspired by the work of John Turner who, in 1972, published the book "Freedom To Build; Dweller Control of the Housing Process". This strategy was used to reduce the housing deficit in Latin America and it was supported by the World Bank throughout the decade of the 1970s.

DECREE 710

This decree stated that the ICT initiated the funding programme for self-built and progressive development through individual loans.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

IADB Project in Bogotá: Urban Development for the Eastern Area (PIDUZOB). Fund for urban development and housing-neighbourhood upgrading. This fund included technical assistance for urban planning as well as funds for improving urban management and financing in order to promote a balanced urban development. 

Ortiz Mena, Antonio. (1972). BID.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Urban Upgrading Programme: Integration of community services and participation in marginal zones.

PLANNING POLICIES

Several reforms were made to UPAC. One goal of the policies was the decentralisation of demographic pressure in urban areas.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

The National Development Plan with the slogan 'To close the gap' (Para Cerrar La Brecha) was focused on improving the living conditions of the poor.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

World Conference HABITAT I: Vancouver

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

The international community began to recognize the consequences of rapid urbanization and the need for promoting sustainable human settlements, especially in the so-called 'developing world'. The first Habitat Conference adopted 64 recommendations for National Action as well as implementing the Action Plan. The six sections of the plan covered: settlements policies and strategies; settlement planning; shelter, infrastructure and services; land and public participation.

https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/documents/7252The_Vancouver_Declaration_1976.pdf

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

During HABITAT I Colombian delegates presented the first inventory that ICT developed about deprived urban areas. This presentation demonstrated the interest of the government on countering the negative effects of informal urbanization.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

AGREEMENT 004 of 1977.

Established the following plans for the ICT: 1) the development in sub-standard housing areas; 2) the construction of new houses; 3) the construction of communal services and infrastructure; and 4) the progressive improvement of the community.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Between 1972 and 1978, 504,383 houses were built. Because of the UPAC the construction of 41.6%, of those houses, was made possible.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

Creation of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS-Habitat)

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

IADB Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation Special Programme for urban development and neighbourhood upgrading. It established partial financing for the plots of land which included services that would benefit 90,000 low-income people located in the south eastern area of Cartagena. This was a demonstrative project, known as Social Progress Trust Fund that used self-help systems to aid recipients.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Formulation of the National Development Plan: National Plan for the Integration (Plan Nacional de integración).

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

The International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade was launched.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

IADB Non-Reimbursable Technical Cooperation. Social Progress Trust Fund. Line for urban credit.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Formulation of The National Development Plan 'Change with equity' (Cambio con equidad). This plan was focused on the reactivation of the economy by creating jobs in the construction sector that would cover two of the most common problems: employment and housing. As an economic development driver, the construction sector focused on social housing with programmes including plots of land with public services, self-built and progressive development. It was also proposed to define comprehensive master city plans. However, an economic crisis reduced the aid for the social and housing programmes.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Formulation of The National Development Plan 'Change with equity' (Cambio con equidad). This plan was focused on the reactivation of the economy by creating jobs in the construction sector that would cover two of the most common problems: employment and housing. As an economic development driver, the construction sector focused on social housing with programmes including plots of land with public services, self-built and progressive development. It was also proposed to define comprehensive master city plans. However, an economic crisis reduced the aid for the social and housing programmes.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

Due to an economic crisis the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recommended the implementation of an adjustment programme oriented by neoliberal principles which were based on the reduction of public spending and the privatization of public institutions.

NATIONAL CONTEXT

The BCH developed urban renewal and informal settlement upgrading projects.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

IADB. First Neighbourhood Upgrading Programme (Chile).

NATIONAL CONTEXT

Formulation of The National Development Plan: Plan of social economy (Plan de economía social) that proposed two strategies: 1) an economic factor that propelled a bigger participation of the private sector and 2) a social factor that focused on the reduction of poverty and the improvement of living conditions in the rural population. This government was also characterized by implementing the policy of regional decentralization, which meant transferring of the political and economic autonomy to municipalities.

INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). During this meeting there was a presentation of the document entitled "Our Common Future Report Sustainable Development" also known as "Brundtland Report". This report not only suggested that development is not just about how poor countries can ameliorate their situation, but it also made recommendations about what the entire world could do to ameliorate a common situation.

http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf